Points to remember-Class 10 -Science- Biology-Chapter 7: How Do Organisms Reproduce

1.    Methods of Reproduction:

·        Living organisms reproduce via two methods: asexual and sexual.

·        Asexual reproduction includes binary fission, multiple fission, budding, fragmentation, sporulation, and vegetative propagation in plants.

2.    Vegetative Propagation in Plants:

·        In plants, vegetative propagation occurs via stems, roots, and leaves.

·        Artificial methods like grafting, cutting, layering, and tissue culture are also employed, contributing to horticulture and agriculture.

3.    Sexual Reproduction:

·        Involves the fusion of male and female gametes.

·        Flowers bear sexual parts: androecium (male) and gynoecium (female), and can be unisexual or bisexual.

4.    Male and Female Gametes:

·        Male gametes (sperms) are produced in the stamen, while female gametes (ova) are produced in the carpel.

5.    Pollination and Fertilization:

·        Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

·        Fertilization occurs when pollen fuses with an egg, forming a zygote.

6.    Human Reproductive Systems:

·        Male: Includes testes, seminal vesicles, penis, and glands like the prostate gland.

·        Female: Comprises ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

7.    Fertilization and Pregnancy:

·        Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote, followed by implantation in the uterine wall.

·        The developing embryo obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood via the placenta.

8.    Childbirth and Menstruation:

·        Childbirth occurs due to uterine wall contractions.

·        Menstruation happens if fertilization doesn’t occur, resulting in the disintegration of the uterine wall.

9.    Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs):

·        Contracted through sexual acts with an infected person, caused by microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.

·        HIV infection leads to AIDS.

10. Contraception:

·        Contributes to population control by preventing unwanted pregnancies.