While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• In 2013, paleontology professor Hesham Sallam and his students from Mansoura University in Egypt made a discovery.
• The team found a partial dinosaur skeleton at a site in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis.
• The skeleton belonged to a dinosaur species that lived approximately 80 million years ago.
• The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that discovered it.

Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the cost of postage was usually paid by the recipient of a letter rather than the sender, and recipients were not always able or willing to pay promptly. ______blank collecting this fee could be slow and arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for, undeliverable mail piled up in post offices.

Before California’s 1911 election to approve a proposition granting women the right to vote, activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Woman’s Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs. ______blank in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California’s largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea.

Most of the planets that have been discovered outside our solar system orbit G-type stars, like our Sun. In 2014, ______blank researchers identified a planet orbiting KELT-9, a B-type star more than twice as massive and nearly twice as hot as the Sun. Called KELT-9b, it is one of the hottest planets ever discovered.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
• A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural properties.
• Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
• The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
• When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased, making the structures stiffer.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present is a history book by Ojibwe author David Treuer.
• In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that “Treuer’s storytelling skills shine” and that the book is an “elegant handling of [a] complex narrative.”
• A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it “a marvel of research and storytelling.”
• A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it “a monumental achievement.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
• Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called meditations.
• Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
• The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears.”
• Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer from England who toured the US three times in the early 1900s. The child of a West African father and an English mother, Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. For example, he referred to himself as Anglo-African. ______blank he incorporated the sounds of traditional African music into his classical music compositions.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Muckrakers were journalists who sought to expose corruption in US institutions during the Progressive Era (1897–1920).
• Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who investigated the Standard Oil Company.
• She interviewed Standard Oil Company executives, oil industry workers, and public officials.
• She examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications, including letters and financial records.
• Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the company’s unfair business practices.

Researchers believe that pieces of hull found off Oregon’s coast are from a Spanish cargo ship that was lost in 1697. Stories passed down among the area’s Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians support this belief. ______blank Siletz stories describe how blocks of beeswax, an item the ship had been carrying, began washing ashore after the ship was lost. 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
• He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
• VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
• The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.
• VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at the tips of the hairs on a spider’s leg. These spatulae temporarily bond with the atoms of whatever they touch. ______blank spiders are able to cling to and climb almost any surface.

In 2019, researcher Patricia Jurado Gonzalez and food historian Nawal Nasrallah prepared a stew from a 4,000-year-old recipe found on a Mesopotamian clay tablet. When they tasted the dish, known as pašrūtum (“unwinding”), they found that it had a mild taste and inspired a sense of calm. ______blank the researchers, knowing that dishes were sometimes named after their intended effects, theorized that the dish’s name, “unwinding,” referred to its function: to help ancient diners relax.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.
• The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.
• In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly.”
• Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.
• One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.

In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided between dispersalists and vicariancists. ______blank there are those who argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a species’ distribution, and those who insist that vicariance (separation due to geographic barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel Sanmartín counts herself among neither.